Cached Functions and Methods#

AUTHORS:

William Stein: initial version, (inspired by conversation with Justin Walker)
Mike Hansen: added doctests and made it work with class methods.
Willem Jan Palenstijn: add CachedMethodCaller for binding cached methods to instances.
Tom Boothby: added DiskCachedFunction.
Simon King: improved performance, more doctests, cython version, CachedMethodCallerNoArgs, weak cached function, cached special methods.
Julian Rueth (2014-03-19, 2014-05-09, 2014-05-12): added key parameter, allow caching for unhashable elements, added do_pickle parameter

EXAMPLES:

By trac ticket #11115, cached functions and methods are now also available in Cython code. The following examples cover various ways of usage.

Python functions:

sage: @cached_function
....: def test_pfunc(x):
....:     '''
....:     Some documentation
....:     '''
....:     return -x
sage: test_pfunc(5) is test_pfunc(5)
True

In some cases, one would only want to keep the result in cache as long as there is any other reference to the result. By trac ticket #12215, this is enabled for UniqueRepresentation, which is used to create unique parents: If an algebraic structure, such as a finite field, is only temporarily used, then it will not stay in cache forever. That behaviour is implemented using weak_cached_function, that behaves the same as cached_function, except that it uses a CachedWeakValueDictionary for storing the results.

Cython cdef functions do not allow arbitrary decorators. However, one can wrap a Cython function and turn it into a cached function, by trac ticket #11115. We need to provide the name that the wrapped method or function should have, since otherwise the name of the original function would be used:

sage: cython('''cpdef test_funct(x): return -x''')                          # optional - sage.misc.cython
sage: wrapped_funct = cached_function(test_funct, name='wrapped_funct')     # optional - sage.misc.cython
sage: wrapped_funct                                                         # optional - sage.misc.cython
Cached version of <built-in function test_funct>
sage: wrapped_funct.__name__                                                # optional - sage.misc.cython
'wrapped_funct'
sage: wrapped_funct(5)                                                      # optional - sage.misc.cython
-5
sage: wrapped_funct(5) is wrapped_funct(5)                                  # optional - sage.misc.cython
True

We can proceed similarly for cached methods of Cython classes, provided that they allow attribute assignment or have a public attribute __cached_methods of type <dict>. Since trac ticket #11115, this is the case for all classes inheriting from Parent. See below for a more explicit example. By trac ticket #12951, cached methods of extension classes can be defined by simply using the decorator. However, an indirect approach is still needed for cpdef methods:

sage: cython_code = ['cpdef test_meth(self,x):',
....: '    "some doc for a wrapped cython method"',
....: '    return -x',
....: 'from sage.all import cached_method',
....: 'from sage.structure.parent cimport Parent',
....: 'cdef class MyClass(Parent):',
....: '    @cached_method',
....: '    def direct_method(self, x):',
....: '        "Some doc for direct method"',
....: '        return 2*x',
....: '    wrapped_method = cached_method(test_meth,name="wrapped_method")']
sage: cython(os.linesep.join(cython_code))                                  # optional - sage.misc.cython
sage: O = MyClass()                                                         # optional - sage.misc.cython
sage: O.direct_method                                                       # optional - sage.misc.cython
Cached version of <method 'direct_method' of '...MyClass' objects>
sage: O.wrapped_method                                                      # optional - sage.misc.cython
Cached version of <built-in function test_meth>
sage: O.wrapped_method.__name__                                             # optional - sage.misc.cython
'wrapped_method'
sage: O.wrapped_method(5)                                                   # optional - sage.misc.cython
-5
sage: O.wrapped_method(5) is O.wrapped_method(5)                            # optional - sage.misc.cython
True
sage: O.direct_method(5)                                                    # optional - sage.misc.cython
10
sage: O.direct_method(5) is O.direct_method(5)                              # optional - sage.misc.cython
True

By trac ticket #11115, even if a parent does not allow attribute assignment, it can inherit a cached method from the parent class of a category (previously, the cache would have been broken):

sage: cython_code = ["from sage.all import cached_method, cached_in_parent_method, Category, Objects",
....: "class MyCategory(Category):",
....: "    @cached_method",
....: "    def super_categories(self):",
....: "        return [Objects()]",
....: "    class ElementMethods:",
....: "        @cached_method",
....: "        def element_cache_test(self):",
....: "            return -self",
....: "        @cached_in_parent_method",
....: "        def element_via_parent_test(self):",
....: "            return -self",
....: "    class ParentMethods:",
....: "        @cached_method",
....: "        def one(self):",
....: "            return self.element_class(self,1)",
....: "        @cached_method",
....: "        def invert(self, x):",
....: "            return -x"]
sage: cython('\n'.join(cython_code))                                        # optional - sage.misc.cython
sage: C = MyCategory()                                                      # optional - sage.misc.cython

In order to keep the memory footprint of elements small, it was decided to not support the same freedom of using cached methods for elements: If an instance of a class derived from Element does not allow attribute assignment, then a cached method inherited from the category of its parent will break, as in the class MyBrokenElement below.

However, there is a class ElementWithCachedMethod that has generally a slower attribute access, but fully supports cached methods. We remark, however, that cached methods are much faster if attribute access works. So, we expect that ElementWithCachedMethod will hardly by used.

sage: cython_code = ["from sage.structure.element cimport Element, ElementWithCachedMethod", "from cpython.object cimport PyObject_RichCompare",
....: "cdef class MyBrokenElement(Element):",
....: "    cdef public object x",
....: "    def __init__(self,P,x):",
....: "        self.x=x",
....: "        Element.__init__(self,P)",
....: "    def __neg__(self):",
....: "        return MyBrokenElement(self.parent(),-self.x)",
....: "    def _repr_(self):",
....: "        return '<%s>'%self.x",
....: "    def __hash__(self):",
....: "        return hash(self.x)",
....: "    cpdef _richcmp_(left, right, int op):",
....: "        return PyObject_RichCompare(left.x, right.x, op)",
....: "    def raw_test(self):",
....: "        return -self",
....: "cdef class MyElement(ElementWithCachedMethod):",
....: "    cdef public object x",
....: "    def __init__(self,P,x):",
....: "        self.x=x",
....: "        ElementWithCachedMethod.__init__(self,P)",
....: "    def __neg__(self):",
....: "        return MyElement(self.parent(),-self.x)",
....: "    def _repr_(self):",
....: "        return '<%s>'%self.x",
....: "    def __hash__(self):",
....: "        return hash(self.x)",
....: "    cpdef _richcmp_(left, right, int op):",
....: "        return PyObject_RichCompare(left.x, right.x, op)",
....: "    def raw_test(self):",
....: "        return -self",
....: "from sage.structure.parent cimport Parent",
....: "cdef class MyParent(Parent):",
....: "    Element = MyElement"]
sage: cython('\n'.join(cython_code))                                        # optional - sage.misc.cython
sage: P = MyParent(category=C)                                              # optional - sage.misc.cython
sage: ebroken = MyBrokenElement(P, 5)                                       # optional - sage.misc.cython
sage: e = MyElement(P, 5)                                                   # optional - sage.misc.cython

The cached methods inherited by the parent works:

sage: P.one()                                                               # optional - sage.misc.cython
<1>
sage: P.one() is P.one()                                                    # optional - sage.misc.cython
True
sage: P.invert(e)                                                           # optional - sage.misc.cython
<-5>
sage: P.invert(e) is P.invert(e)                                            # optional - sage.misc.cython
True

The cached methods inherited by MyElement works:

sage: e.element_cache_test()                                                # optional - sage.misc.cython
<-5>
sage: e.element_cache_test() is e.element_cache_test()                      # optional - sage.misc.cython
True
sage: e.element_via_parent_test()                                           # optional - sage.misc.cython
<-5>
sage: e.element_via_parent_test() is e.element_via_parent_test()            # optional - sage.misc.cython
True

The other element class can only inherit a cached_in_parent_method, since the cache is stored in the parent. In fact, equal elements share the cache, even if they are of different types:

sage: e == ebroken                                                          # optional - sage.misc.cython
True
sage: type(e) == type(ebroken)                                              # optional - sage.misc.cython
False
sage: ebroken.element_via_parent_test() is e.element_via_parent_test()      # optional - sage.misc.cython
True

However, the cache of the other inherited method breaks, although the method as such works:

sage: ebroken.element_cache_test()                                          # optional - sage.misc.cython
<-5>
sage: ebroken.element_cache_test() is ebroken.element_cache_test()          # optional - sage.misc.cython
False

The cache can be emptied:

sage: a = test_pfunc(5)                                                     # optional - sage.misc.cython
sage: test_pfunc.clear_cache()                                              # optional - sage.misc.cython
sage: a is test_pfunc(5)                                                    # optional - sage.misc.cython
False
sage: a = P.one()                                                           # optional - sage.misc.cython
sage: P.one.clear_cache()                                                   # optional - sage.misc.cython
sage: a is P.one()                                                          # optional - sage.misc.cython
False

Since e and ebroken share the cache, when we empty it for one element it is empty for the other as well:

sage: b = ebroken.element_via_parent_test()                                 # optional - sage.misc.cython
sage: e.element_via_parent_test.clear_cache()                               # optional - sage.misc.cython
sage: b is ebroken.element_via_parent_test()                                # optional - sage.misc.cython
False

Introspection works:

sage: from sage.misc.edit_module import file_and_line
sage: from sage.misc.sageinspect import sage_getdoc, sage_getfile, sage_getsource
sage: print(sage_getdoc(test_pfunc))                                        # optional - sage.misc.cython
   Some documentation
sage: print(sage_getdoc(O.wrapped_method))                                  # optional - sage.misc.cython
some doc for a wrapped cython method

sage: print(sage_getdoc(O.direct_method))                                   # optional - sage.misc.cython
Some doc for direct method

sage: print(sage_getsource(O.wrapped_method))                               # optional - sage.misc.cython
cpdef test_meth(self,x):
    "some doc for a wrapped cython method"
    return -x
sage: print(sage_getsource(O.direct_method))                                # optional - sage.misc.cython
def direct_method(self, x):
    "Some doc for direct method"
    return 2*x

It is a very common special case to cache a method that has no arguments. In that special case, the time needed to access the cache can be drastically reduced by using a special implementation. The cached method decorator automatically determines which implementation ought to be chosen. A typical example is sage.rings.polynomial.multi_polynomial_ideal.MPolynomialIdeal.gens() (no arguments) versus sage.rings.polynomial.multi_polynomial_ideal.MPolynomialIdeal.groebner_basis() (several arguments):

sage: P.<a,b,c,d> = QQ[]
sage: I = P*[a,b]
sage: I.gens()
[a, b]
sage: I.gens() is I.gens()
True
sage: I.groebner_basis()
[a, b]
sage: I.groebner_basis() is I.groebner_basis()
True
sage: type(I.gens)
<class 'sage.misc.cachefunc.CachedMethodCallerNoArgs'>
sage: type(I.groebner_basis)
<class 'sage.misc.cachefunc.CachedMethodCaller'>

By trac ticket #12951, the cached_method decorator is also supported on non-c(p)def methods of extension classes, as long as they either support attribute assignment or have a public attribute of type <dict> called __cached_methods. The latter is easy:

sage: cython_code = [
....: "from sage.misc.cachefunc import cached_method",
....: "cdef class MyClass:",
....: "    cdef public dict __cached_methods",
....: "    @cached_method",
....: "    def f(self, a,b):",
....: "        return a*b"]
sage: cython(os.linesep.join(cython_code))                                  # optional - sage.misc.cython
sage: P = MyClass()                                                         # optional - sage.misc.cython
sage: P.f(2, 3)                                                             # optional - sage.misc.cython
6
sage: P.f(2, 3) is P.f(2, 3)                                                # optional - sage.misc.cython
True

Providing attribute access is a bit more tricky, since it is needed that an attribute inherited by the instance from its class can be overridden on the instance. That is why providing a __getattr__ would not be enough in the following example:

sage: cython_code = [
....: "from sage.misc.cachefunc import cached_method",
....: "cdef class MyOtherClass:",
....: "    cdef dict D",
....: "    def __init__(self):",
....: "        self.D = {}",
....: "    def __setattr__(self, n,v):",
....: "        self.D[n] = v",
....: "    def __getattribute__(self, n):",
....: "        try:",
....: "            return self.D[n]",
....: "        except KeyError:",
....: "            pass",
....: "        return getattr(type(self),n).__get__(self)",
....: "    @cached_method",
....: "    def f(self, a,b):",
....: "        return a+b"]
sage: cython(os.linesep.join(cython_code))                                  # optional - sage.misc.cython
sage: Q = MyOtherClass()                                                    # optional - sage.misc.cython
sage: Q.f(2, 3)                                                             # optional - sage.misc.cython
5
sage: Q.f(2, 3) is Q.f(2, 3)                                                # optional - sage.misc.cython
True

Note that supporting attribute access is somehow faster than the easier method:

sage: timeit("a = P.f(2,3)")   # random                                     # optional - sage.misc.cython
625 loops, best of 3: 1.3 µs per loop
sage: timeit("a = Q.f(2,3)")   # random                                     # optional - sage.misc.cython
625 loops, best of 3: 931 ns per loop

Some immutable objects (such as \(p\)-adic numbers) cannot implement a reasonable hash function because their == operator has been modified to return True for objects which might behave differently in some computations:

sage: K.<a> = Qq(9)                                                 # optional - sage.rings.padics
sage: b = a.add_bigoh(1)                                            # optional - sage.rings.padics
sage: c = a + 3                                                     # optional - sage.rings.padics
sage: b                                                             # optional - sage.rings.padics
a + O(3)
sage: c                                                             # optional - sage.rings.padics
a + 3 + O(3^20)
sage: b == c                                                        # optional - sage.rings.padics
True
sage: b == a                                                        # optional - sage.rings.padics
True
sage: c == a                                                        # optional - sage.rings.padics
False

If such objects defined a non-trivial hash function, this would break caching in many places. However, such objects should still be usable in caches. This can be achieved by defining an appropriate method _cache_key:

sage: hash(b)                                                       # optional - sage.rings.padics
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: unhashable type: 'sage.rings.padics.qadic_flint_CR.qAdicCappedRelativeElement'
sage: @cached_method
....: def f(x): return x == a
sage: f(b)                                                          # optional - sage.rings.padics
True
sage: f(c) # if b and c were hashable, this would return True       # optional - sage.rings.padics
False

sage: b._cache_key()                                                # optional - sage.rings.padics
(..., ((0, 1),), 0, 1)
sage: c._cache_key()                                                # optional - sage.rings.padics
(..., ((0, 1), (1,)), 0, 20)

Note

This attribute will only be accessed if the object itself is not hashable.

An implementation must make sure that for elements a and b, if a != b, then also a._cache_key() != b._cache_key(). In practice this means that the _cache_key should always include the parent as its first argument:

sage: S.<a> = Qq(4)                                                 # optional - sage.rings.padics
sage: d = a.add_bigoh(1)                                            # optional - sage.rings.padics
sage: b._cache_key() == d._cache_key() # this would be True if the parents were not included  # optional - sage.rings.padics
False

class sage.misc.cachefunc.CacheDict#: Bases: dict

class sage.misc.cachefunc.CachedFunction#

Bases: object

Create a cached version of a function, which only recomputes values it hasn’t already computed. Synonyme: cached_function

INPUT:

f – a function
name – (optional string) name that the cached version of f should be provided with
key – (optional callable) takes the input and returns a key for the cache, typically one would use this to normalize input
do_pickle – (optional boolean) whether or not the contents of the cache should be included when pickling this function; the default is not to include them.

If f is a function, do either g = CachedFunction(f) or g = cached_function(f) to make a cached version of f, or put @cached_function right before the definition of f (i.e., use Python decorators):

@cached_function
def f(...):
    ....

The inputs to the function must be hashable or they must define sage.structure.sage_object.SageObject._cache_key().

EXAMPLES:

sage: @cached_function
....: def mul(x, y=2):
....:     return x*y
sage: mul(3)
6

We demonstrate that the result is cached, and that, moreover, the cache takes into account the various ways of providing default arguments:

sage: mul(3) is mul(3,2)
True
sage: mul(3,y=2) is mul(3,2)
True

The user can clear the cache:

sage: a = mul(4)
sage: mul.clear_cache()
sage: a is mul(4)
False

It is also possible to explicitly override the cache with a different value:

sage: mul.set_cache('foo',5)
sage: mul(5,2)
'foo'

The parameter key can be used to ignore parameters for caching. In this example we ignore the parameter algorithm:

sage: @cached_function(key=lambda x,y,algorithm: (x,y))
....: def mul(x, y, algorithm="default"):
....:     return x*y
sage: mul(1,1,algorithm="default") is mul(1,1,algorithm="algorithm") is mul(1,1) is mul(1,1,'default')
True

cache#

cached(*args, **kwds)#

Return the result from the cache if available. If the value is not cached, raise KeyError.

EXAMPLES:

sage: @cached_function
....: def f(x):
....:     return x
sage: f.cached(5)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
KeyError: ((5,), ())
sage: f(5)
5
sage: f.cached(5)
5

clear_cache()#

Clear the cache dictionary.

EXAMPLES:

sage: g = CachedFunction(number_of_partitions)
sage: a = g(5)
sage: g.cache
{((5, 'default'), ()): 7}
sage: g.clear_cache()
sage: g.cache
{}

f#

get_key(*args, **kwds)#

Return the key in the cache to be used when args and kwds are passed in as parameters.

EXAMPLES:

sage: @cached_function
....: def foo(x):
....:     return x^2
sage: foo(2)
4
sage: foo.get_key(2)
((2,), ())
sage: foo.get_key(x=3)
((3,), ())

Examples for cached methods:

sage: class Foo:
....:     def __init__(self, x):
....:         self._x = x
....:     @cached_method
....:     def f(self, y, z=0):
....:         return self._x * y + z
sage: a = Foo(2)
sage: z = a.f(37)
sage: k = a.f.get_key(37); k
((37, 0), ())
sage: a.f.cache[k] is z
True

Note that the method does not test whether there are too many arguments, or wrong argument names:

sage: a.f.get_key(1,2,3,x=4,y=5,z=6)
((1, 2, 3), (('x', 4), ('y', 5), ('z', 6)))

It does, however, take into account the different ways of providing named arguments, possibly with a default value:

sage: a.f.get_key(5)
((5, 0), ())
sage: a.f.get_key(y=5)
((5, 0), ())
sage: a.f.get_key(5,0)
((5, 0), ())
sage: a.f.get_key(5,z=0)
((5, 0), ())
sage: a.f.get_key(y=5,z=0)
((5, 0), ())

is_in_cache(*args, **kwds)#

Checks if the argument list is in the cache.

EXAMPLES:

sage: class Foo:
....:     def __init__(self, x):
....:         self._x = x
....:     @cached_method
....:     def f(self, z, y=0):
....:         return self._x*z+y
sage: a = Foo(2)
sage: a.f.is_in_cache(3)
False
sage: a.f(3)
6
sage: a.f.is_in_cache(3,y=0)
True

precompute(arglist, num_processes=1)#

Cache values for a number of inputs. Do the computation in parallel, and only bother to compute values that we haven’t already cached.

INPUT:

arglist – list (or iterables) of arguments for which the method shall be precomputed.
num_processes – number of processes used by parallel()

EXAMPLES:

sage: @cached_function
....: def oddprime_factors(n):
....:     l = [p for p,e in factor(n) if p != 2]
....:     return len(l)
sage: oddprime_factors.precompute(range(1,100), 4)
sage: oddprime_factors.cache[(25,),()]
1

set_cache(value, *args, **kwds)#

Set the value for those args and keyword args Mind the unintuitive syntax (value first). Any idea on how to improve that welcome!

EXAMPLES:

sage: g = CachedFunction(number_of_partitions)
sage: a = g(5)
sage: g.cache
{((5, 'default'), ()): 7}
sage: g.set_cache(17, 5)
sage: g.cache
{((5, 'default'), ()): 17}
sage: g(5)
17

class sage.misc.cachefunc.CachedInParentMethod#

Bases: sage.misc.cachefunc.CachedMethod

A decorator that creates a cached version of an instance method of a class.

In contrast to CachedMethod, the cache dictionary is an attribute of the parent of the instance to which the method belongs.

ASSUMPTION:

This way of caching works only if

the instances have a parent, and
the instances are hashable (they are part of the cache key) or they define sage.structure.sage_object.SageObject._cache_key()

NOTE:

For proper behavior, the method must be a pure function (no side effects). If this decorator is used on a method, it will have identical output on equal elements. This is since the element is part of the hash key. Arguments to the method must be hashable or define sage.structure.sage_object.SageObject._cache_key(). The instance it is assigned to must be hashable.

Examples can be found at cachefunc.

class sage.misc.cachefunc.CachedMethod#

Bases: object

A decorator that creates a cached version of an instance method of a class.

Note

For proper behavior, the method must be a pure function (no side effects). Arguments to the method must be hashable or transformed into something hashable using key or they must define sage.structure.sage_object.SageObject._cache_key().

EXAMPLES:

sage: class Foo():
....:     @cached_method
....:     def f(self, t, x=2):
....:         print('computing')
....:         return t**x
sage: a = Foo()

The example shows that the actual computation takes place only once, and that the result is identical for equivalent input:

sage: res = a.f(3, 2); res
computing
9
sage: a.f(t = 3, x = 2) is res
True
sage: a.f(3) is res
True

Note, however, that the CachedMethod is replaced by a CachedMethodCaller or CachedMethodCallerNoArgs as soon as it is bound to an instance or class:

sage: P.<a,b,c,d> = QQ[]
sage: I = P*[a,b]
sage: type(I.__class__.gens)
<class 'sage.misc.cachefunc.CachedMethodCallerNoArgs'>

So, you would hardly ever see an instance of this class alive.

The parameter key can be used to pass a function which creates a custom cache key for inputs. In the following example, this parameter is used to ignore the algorithm keyword for caching:

sage: class A():
....:     def _f_normalize(self, x, algorithm): return x
....:     @cached_method(key=_f_normalize)
....:     def f(self, x, algorithm='default'): return x
sage: a = A()
sage: a.f(1, algorithm="default") is a.f(1) is a.f(1, algorithm="algorithm")
True

The parameter do_pickle can be used to enable pickling of the cache. Usually the cache is not stored when pickling:

sage: class A():
....:     @cached_method
....:     def f(self, x): return None
sage: import __main__
sage: __main__.A = A
sage: a = A()
sage: a.f(1)
sage: len(a.f.cache)
1
sage: b = loads(dumps(a))
sage: len(b.f.cache)
0

When do_pickle is set, the pickle contains the contents of the cache:

sage: class A():
....:     @cached_method(do_pickle=True)
....:     def f(self, x): return None
sage: __main__.A = A
sage: a = A()
sage: a.f(1)
sage: len(a.f.cache)
1
sage: b = loads(dumps(a))
sage: len(b.f.cache)
1

Cached methods cannot be copied like usual methods, see trac ticket #12603. Copying them can lead to very surprising results:

sage: class A:
....:     @cached_method
....:     def f(self):
....:         return 1
sage: class B:
....:     g=A.f
....:     def f(self):
....:         return 2

sage: b=B()
sage: b.f()
2
sage: b.g()
1
sage: b.f()
1

class sage.misc.cachefunc.CachedMethodCaller#

Bases: sage.misc.cachefunc.CachedFunction

Utility class that is used by CachedMethod to bind a cached method to an instance.

Note

Since trac ticket #11115, there is a special implementation CachedMethodCallerNoArgs for methods that do not take arguments.

EXAMPLES:

sage: class A:
....:    @cached_method
....:    def bar(self,x):
....:        return x^2
sage: a = A()
sage: a.bar
Cached version of <function ...bar at 0x...>
sage: type(a.bar)
<class 'sage.misc.cachefunc.CachedMethodCaller'>
sage: a.bar(2) is a.bar(x=2)
True

cached(*args, **kwds)#

Return the result from the cache if available. If the value is not cached, raise KeyError.

EXAMPLES:

sage: class CachedMethodTest():
....:     @cached_method
....:     def f(self, x):
....:         return x
sage: o = CachedMethodTest()
sage: CachedMethodTest.f.cached(o, 5)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
KeyError: ((5,), ())
sage: o.f.cached(5)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
KeyError: ((5,), ())
sage: o.f(5)
5
sage: CachedMethodTest.f.cached(o, 5)
5
sage: o.f.cached(5)
5

precompute(arglist, num_processes=1)#

Cache values for a number of inputs. Do the computation in parallel, and only bother to compute values that we haven’t already cached.

INPUT:

arglist – list (or iterables) of arguments for which the method shall be precomputed.
num_processes – number of processes used by parallel()

EXAMPLES:

sage: class Foo():
....:     @cached_method
....:     def f(self, i):
....:         return i^2
sage: foo = Foo()
sage: foo.f(3)
9
sage: foo.f(1)
1
sage: foo.f.precompute(range(2), 2)
sage: foo.f.cache == {((0,), ()): 0, ((1,), ()): 1, ((3,), ()): 9}
True

class sage.misc.cachefunc.CachedMethodCallerNoArgs#

Bases: sage.misc.cachefunc.CachedFunction

Utility class that is used by CachedMethod to bind a cached method to an instance, in the case of a method that does not accept any arguments except self.

Note

The return value None would not be cached. So, if you have a method that does not accept arguments and may return None after a lengthy computation, then @cached_method should not be used.

EXAMPLES:

sage: P.<a,b,c,d> = QQ[]
sage: I = P*[a,b]
sage: I.gens
Cached version of <function ...gens at 0x...>
sage: type(I.gens)
<class 'sage.misc.cachefunc.CachedMethodCallerNoArgs'>
sage: I.gens is I.gens
True
sage: I.gens() is I.gens()
True

AUTHOR:

Simon King (2011-04)

clear_cache()#

Clear the cache dictionary.

EXAMPLES:

sage: P.<a,b,c,d> = QQ[]
sage: I = P*[a,b]
sage: I.gens()
[a, b]
sage: I.gens.set_cache('bar')
sage: I.gens()
'bar'

The cache can be emptied and thus the original value will be reconstructed:

sage: I.gens.clear_cache()
sage: I.gens()
[a, b]

is_in_cache()#

Answers whether the return value is already in the cache.

Note

Recall that a cached method without arguments cannot cache the return value None.

EXAMPLES:

sage: P.<x,y> = QQ[]
sage: I = P*[x,y]
sage: I.gens.is_in_cache()
False
sage: I.gens()
[x, y]
sage: I.gens.is_in_cache()
True

set_cache(value)#

Override the cache with a specific value.

Note

None is not suitable for a cached value. It would be interpreted as an empty cache, forcing a new computation.

EXAMPLES:

sage: P.<a,b,c,d> = QQ[]
sage: I = P*[a,b]
sage: I.gens()
[a, b]
sage: I.gens.set_cache('bar')
sage: I.gens()
'bar'

The cache can be emptied and thus the original value will be reconstructed:

sage: I.gens.clear_cache()
sage: I.gens()
[a, b]

The attempt to assign None to the cache fails:

sage: I.gens.set_cache(None)
sage: I.gens()
[a, b]

class sage.misc.cachefunc.CachedMethodPickle(inst, name, cache=None)#

Bases: object

This class helps to unpickle cached methods.

Note

Since trac ticket #8611, a cached method is an attribute of the instance (provided that it has a __dict__). Hence, when pickling the instance, it would be attempted to pickle that attribute as well, but this is a problem, since functions cannot be pickled, currently. Therefore, we replace the actual cached method by a place holder, that kills itself as soon as any attribute is requested. Then, the original cached attribute is reinstated. But the cached values are in fact saved (if \(do_pickle\) is set.)

EXAMPLES:

sage: R.<x, y, z> = PolynomialRing(QQ, 3)
sage: I = R*(x^3 + y^3 + z^3,x^4-y^4)
sage: I.groebner_basis()
[y^5*z^3 - 1/4*x^2*z^6 + 1/2*x*y*z^6 + 1/4*y^2*z^6,
 x^2*y*z^3 - x*y^2*z^3 + 2*y^3*z^3 + z^6,
 x*y^3 + y^4 + x*z^3, x^3 + y^3 + z^3]
sage: I.groebner_basis
Cached version of <function ...groebner_basis at 0x...>

We now pickle and unpickle the ideal. The cached method groebner_basis is replaced by a placeholder:

sage: J = loads(dumps(I))
sage: J.groebner_basis
Pickle of the cached method "groebner_basis"

But as soon as any other attribute is requested from the placeholder, it replaces itself by the cached method, and the entries of the cache are actually preserved:

sage: J.groebner_basis.is_in_cache()
True
sage: J.groebner_basis
Cached version of <function ...groebner_basis at 0x...>
sage: J.groebner_basis() == I.groebner_basis()
True

AUTHOR:

Simon King (2011-01)

class sage.misc.cachefunc.CachedSpecialMethod#

Bases: sage.misc.cachefunc.CachedMethod

Cached version of special python methods.

IMPLEMENTATION:

For new style classes C, it is not possible to override a special method, such as __hash__, in the __dict__ of an instance c of C, because Python will for efficiency reasons always use what is provided by the class, not by the instance.

By consequence, if __hash__ would be wrapped by using CachedMethod, then hash(c) will access C.__hash__ and bind it to c, which means that the __get__ method of CachedMethod will be called. But there, we assume that Python has already inspected __dict__, and thus a CachedMethodCaller will be created over and over again.

Here, the __get__ method will explicitly access the __dict__, so that hash(c) will rely on a single CachedMethodCaller stored in the __dict__.

EXAMPLES:

sage: class C:
....:     @cached_method
....:     def __hash__(self):
....:         print("compute hash")
....:         return int(5)
....:
sage: c = C()
sage: type(C.__hash__)
<class 'sage.misc.cachefunc.CachedMethodCallerNoArgs'>

The hash is computed only once, subsequent calls will use the value from the cache. This was implemented in trac ticket #12601.

sage: hash(c)       # indirect doctest
compute hash
5
sage: hash(c)
5

class sage.misc.cachefunc.DiskCachedFunction(f, dir, memory_cache=False, key=None)#

Bases: sage.misc.cachefunc.CachedFunction

Works similar to CachedFunction, but instead, we keep the cache on disk (optionally, we keep it in memory too).

EXAMPLES:

sage: from sage.misc.cachefunc import DiskCachedFunction
sage: dir = tmp_dir()
sage: factor = DiskCachedFunction(factor, dir, memory_cache=True)
sage: f = factor(2775); f
3 * 5^2 * 37
sage: f is factor(2775)
True

class sage.misc.cachefunc.FileCache(dir, prefix='', memory_cache=False)#

Bases: object

FileCache is a dictionary-like class which stores keys and values on disk. The keys take the form of a tuple (A,K)

A is a tuple of objects t where each t is an exact object which is uniquely identified by a short string.
K is a tuple of tuples (s,v) where s is a valid variable name and v is an exact object which is uniquely identified by a short string with letters [a-zA-Z0-9-._]

The primary use case is the DiskCachedFunction. If memory_cache == True, we maintain a cache of objects seen during this session in memory – but we don’t load them from disk until necessary. The keys and values are stored in a pair of files:

prefix-argstring.key.sobj contains the key only,
prefix-argstring.sobj contains the tuple (key,val)

where self[key] == val.

Note

We assume that each FileCache lives in its own directory. Use extreme caution if you wish to break that assumption.

clear()#

Clear all key, value pairs from self and unlink the associated files from the file cache.

EXAMPLES:

sage: from sage.misc.cachefunc import FileCache
sage: dir = tmp_dir()
sage: FC1 = FileCache(dir, memory_cache=False, prefix='foo')
sage: FC2 = FileCache(dir, memory_cache=False, prefix='foo')
sage: k1 = ((), (('a', 1),))
sage: t1 = randint(0, 1000)
sage: k2 = ((), (('b', 1),))
sage: t2 = randint(0, 1000)
sage: FC1[k1] = t1
sage: FC2[k2] = t2
sage: FC2.clear()
sage: k1 in FC1
False
sage: k2 in FC1
False

file_list()#

Return the list of files corresponding to self.

EXAMPLES:

sage: from sage.misc.cachefunc import FileCache
sage: dir = tmp_dir()
sage: FC = FileCache(dir, memory_cache = True, prefix='t')
sage: FC[((),())] = 1
sage: FC[((1,2),())] = 2
sage: FC[((1,),(('a',1),))] = 3
sage: for f in sorted(FC.file_list()): print(f[len(dir):])
t-.key.sobj
t-.sobj
t-1_2.key.sobj
t-1_2.sobj
t-a-1.1.key.sobj
t-a-1.1.sobj

items()#

Return a list of tuples (k,v) where self[k] = v.

EXAMPLES:

sage: from sage.misc.cachefunc import FileCache
sage: dir = tmp_dir()
sage: FC = FileCache(dir, memory_cache = False)
sage: FC[((),())] = 1
sage: FC[((1,2),())] = 2
sage: FC[((1,),(('a',1),))] = 3
sage: I = FC.items()
sage: I.sort(); I
[(((), ()), 1), (((1,), (('a', 1),)), 3), (((1, 2), ()), 2)]

keys()#

Return a list of keys k where self[k] is defined.

EXAMPLES:

sage: from sage.misc.cachefunc import FileCache
sage: dir = tmp_dir()
sage: FC = FileCache(dir, memory_cache = False)
sage: FC[((),())] = 1
sage: FC[((1,2),())] = 2
sage: FC[((1,),(('a',1),))] = 3
sage: K = FC.keys()
sage: K.sort(); K
[((), ()), ((1,), (('a', 1),)), ((1, 2), ())]

values()#

Return a list of values that are stored in self.

EXAMPLES:

sage: from sage.misc.cachefunc import FileCache
sage: dir = tmp_dir()
sage: FC = FileCache(dir, memory_cache = False)
sage: FC[((),())] = 1
sage: FC[((1,2),())] = 2
sage: FC[((1,),(('a',1),))] = 3
sage: FC[((),(('a',1),))] = 4
sage: v = FC.values()
sage: v.sort(); v
[1, 2, 3, 4]

class sage.misc.cachefunc.GloballyCachedMethodCaller#

Bases: sage.misc.cachefunc.CachedMethodCaller

Implementation of cached methods in case that the cache is not stored in the instance, but in some global object. In particular, it is used to implement CachedInParentMethod.

The only difference is that the instance is used as part of the key.

class sage.misc.cachefunc.NonpicklingDict#

Bases: dict

A special dict which does not pickle its contents.

EXAMPLES:

sage: from sage.misc.cachefunc import NonpicklingDict
sage: d = NonpicklingDict()
sage: d[0] = 0
sage: loads(dumps(d))
{}

class sage.misc.cachefunc.WeakCachedFunction#

Bases: sage.misc.cachefunc.CachedFunction

A version of CachedFunction using weak references on the values.

If f is a function, do either g = weak_cached_function(f) to make a cached version of f, or put @weak_cached_function right before the definition of f (i.e., use Python decorators):

@weak_cached_function
def f(...):
    ...

As an exception meant to improve performance, the most recently computed values are strongly referenced. The number of strongly cached values can be controlled by the cache keyword.

EXAMPLES:

sage: from sage.misc.cachefunc import weak_cached_function
sage: class A: pass
sage: @weak_cached_function(cache=0)
....: def f():
....:     print("doing a computation")
....:     return A()
sage: a = f()
doing a computation

The result is cached:

sage: b = f()
sage: a is b
True

However, if there are no strong references left, the result is deleted, and thus a new computation takes place:

sage: del a
sage: del b
sage: a = f()
doing a computation

Above, we used the cache=0 keyword. With a larger value, the most recently computed values are cached anyway, even if they are not referenced:

sage: @weak_cached_function(cache=3)
....: def f(x):
....:     print("doing a computation for x={}".format(x))
....:     return A()
sage: a = f(1); del a
doing a computation for x=1
sage: a = f(2), f(1); del a
doing a computation for x=2
sage: a = f(3), f(1); del a
doing a computation for x=3
sage: a = f(4), f(1); del a
doing a computation for x=4
doing a computation for x=1
sage: a = f(5), f(1); del a
doing a computation for x=5

The parameter key can be used to ignore parameters for caching. In this example we ignore the parameter algorithm:

sage: @weak_cached_function(key=lambda x,algorithm: x)
....: def mod_ring(x, algorithm="default"):
....:     return IntegerModRing(x)
sage: mod_ring(1,algorithm="default") is mod_ring(1,algorithm="algorithm") is mod_ring(1) is mod_ring(1,'default')
True

sage.misc.cachefunc.cache_key(o)#

Helper function to return a hashable key for o which can be used for caching.

This function is intended for objects which are not hashable such as \(p\)-adic numbers. The difference from calling an object’s _cache_key method directly, is that it also works for tuples and unpacks them recursively (if necessary, i.e., if they are not hashable).

EXAMPLES:

sage: from sage.misc.cachefunc import cache_key
sage: K.<u> = Qq(9)                                             # optional - sage.rings.padics
sage: a = K(1); a                                               # optional - sage.rings.padics
1 + O(3^20)
sage: cache_key(a)                                              # optional - sage.rings.padics
(..., ((1,),), 0, 20)

This function works if o is a tuple. In this case it unpacks its entries recursively:

sage: o = (1, 2, (3, a))                                        # optional - sage.rings.padics
sage: cache_key(o)                                              # optional - sage.rings.padics
(1, 2, (3, (..., ((1,),), 0, 20)))

Note that tuples are only partially unpacked if some of its entries are hashable:

sage: o = (1/2, a)                                              # optional - sage.rings.padics
sage: cache_key(o)                                              # optional - sage.rings.padics
(1/2, (..., ((1,),), 0, 20))

sage.misc.cachefunc.cached_function(self, *args, **kwds)#

Create a cached version of a function, which only recomputes values it hasn’t already computed. Synonyme: cached_function

INPUT:

f – a function
name – (optional string) name that the cached version of f should be provided with
key – (optional callable) takes the input and returns a key for the cache, typically one would use this to normalize input
do_pickle – (optional boolean) whether or not the contents of the cache should be included when pickling this function; the default is not to include them.

@cached_function
def f(...):
    ....

The inputs to the function must be hashable or they must define sage.structure.sage_object.SageObject._cache_key().

EXAMPLES:

sage: @cached_function
....: def mul(x, y=2):
....:     return x*y
sage: mul(3)
6

We demonstrate that the result is cached, and that, moreover, the cache takes into account the various ways of providing default arguments:

sage: mul(3) is mul(3,2)
True
sage: mul(3,y=2) is mul(3,2)
True

The user can clear the cache:

sage: a = mul(4)
sage: mul.clear_cache()
sage: a is mul(4)
False

It is also possible to explicitly override the cache with a different value:

sage: mul.set_cache('foo',5)
sage: mul(5,2)
'foo'

The parameter key can be used to ignore parameters for caching. In this example we ignore the parameter algorithm:

sage: @cached_function(key=lambda x,y,algorithm: (x,y))
....: def mul(x, y, algorithm="default"):
....:     return x*y
sage: mul(1,1,algorithm="default") is mul(1,1,algorithm="algorithm") is mul(1,1) is mul(1,1,'default')
True

sage.misc.cachefunc.cached_in_parent_method(self, inst, *args, **kwds)#

A decorator that creates a cached version of an instance method of a class.

In contrast to CachedMethod, the cache dictionary is an attribute of the parent of the instance to which the method belongs.

ASSUMPTION:

This way of caching works only if

the instances have a parent, and
the instances are hashable (they are part of the cache key) or they define sage.structure.sage_object.SageObject._cache_key()

NOTE:

Examples can be found at cachefunc.

sage.misc.cachefunc.cached_method(f, name=None, key=None, do_pickle=None)#

A decorator for cached methods.

EXAMPLES:

In the following examples, one can see how a cached method works in application. Below, we demonstrate what is done behind the scenes:

sage: class C:
....:     @cached_method
....:     def __hash__(self):
....:         print("compute hash")
....:         return int(5)
....:     @cached_method
....:     def f(self, x):
....:         print("computing cached method")
....:         return x*2
sage: c = C()
sage: type(C.__hash__)
<class 'sage.misc.cachefunc.CachedMethodCallerNoArgs'>
sage: hash(c)
compute hash
5

When calling a cached method for the second time with the same arguments, the value is gotten from the cache, so that a new computation is not needed:

sage: hash(c)
5
sage: c.f(4)
computing cached method
8
sage: c.f(4) is c.f(4)
True

Different instances have distinct caches:

sage: d = C()
sage: d.f(4) is c.f(4)
computing cached method
False
sage: d.f.clear_cache()
sage: c.f(4)
8
sage: d.f(4)
computing cached method
8

Using cached methods for the hash and other special methods was implemented in trac ticket #12601, by means of CachedSpecialMethod. We show that it is used behind the scenes:

sage: cached_method(c.__hash__)
<sage.misc.cachefunc.CachedSpecialMethod object at ...>
sage: cached_method(c.f)
<sage.misc.cachefunc.CachedMethod object at ...>

The parameter do_pickle can be used if the contents of the cache should be stored in a pickle of the cached method. This can be dangerous with special methods such as __hash__:

sage: class C:
....:     @cached_method(do_pickle=True)
....:     def __hash__(self):
....:         return id(self)

sage: import __main__
sage: __main__.C = C
sage: c = C()
sage: hash(c) # random output
sage: d = loads(dumps(c))
sage: hash(d) == hash(c)
True

However, the contents of a method’s cache are not pickled unless do_pickle is set:

sage: class C:
....:     @cached_method
....:     def __hash__(self):
....:         return id(self)

sage: __main__.C = C
sage: c = C()
sage: hash(c) # random output
sage: d = loads(dumps(c))
sage: hash(d) == hash(c)
False

sage.misc.cachefunc.dict_key(o)#

Return a key to cache object o in a dict.

This is different from cache_key since the cache_key might get confused with the key of a hashable object. Therefore, such keys include unhashable_key which acts as a unique marker which is certainly not stored in the dictionary otherwise.

EXAMPLES:

sage: from sage.misc.cachefunc import dict_key
sage: dict_key(42)
42
sage: K.<u> = Qq(9)                                             # optional - sage.rings.padics
sage: dict_key(u)                                               # optional - sage.rings.padics
(<object object at ...>, (..., 20))

class sage.misc.cachefunc.disk_cached_function(dir, memory_cache=False, key=None)#

Bases: object

Decorator for DiskCachedFunction.

EXAMPLES:

sage: dir = tmp_dir()
sage: @disk_cached_function(dir)
....: def foo(x): return next_prime(2^x)%x
sage: x = foo(200);x
11
sage: @disk_cached_function(dir)
....: def foo(x): return 1/x
sage: foo(200)
11
sage: foo.clear_cache()
sage: foo(200)
1/200

sage.misc.cachefunc.weak_cached_function(self, *args, **kwds)#

A version of CachedFunction using weak references on the values.

If f is a function, do either g = weak_cached_function(f) to make a cached version of f, or put @weak_cached_function right before the definition of f (i.e., use Python decorators):

@weak_cached_function
def f(...):
    ...

As an exception meant to improve performance, the most recently computed values are strongly referenced. The number of strongly cached values can be controlled by the cache keyword.

EXAMPLES:

sage: from sage.misc.cachefunc import weak_cached_function
sage: class A: pass
sage: @weak_cached_function(cache=0)
....: def f():
....:     print("doing a computation")
....:     return A()
sage: a = f()
doing a computation

The result is cached:

sage: b = f()
sage: a is b
True

However, if there are no strong references left, the result is deleted, and thus a new computation takes place:

sage: del a
sage: del b
sage: a = f()
doing a computation

Above, we used the cache=0 keyword. With a larger value, the most recently computed values are cached anyway, even if they are not referenced:

sage: @weak_cached_function(cache=3)
....: def f(x):
....:     print("doing a computation for x={}".format(x))
....:     return A()
sage: a = f(1); del a
doing a computation for x=1
sage: a = f(2), f(1); del a
doing a computation for x=2
sage: a = f(3), f(1); del a
doing a computation for x=3
sage: a = f(4), f(1); del a
doing a computation for x=4
doing a computation for x=1
sage: a = f(5), f(1); del a
doing a computation for x=5

The parameter key can be used to ignore parameters for caching. In this example we ignore the parameter algorithm:

sage: @weak_cached_function(key=lambda x,algorithm: x)
....: def mod_ring(x, algorithm="default"):
....:     return IntegerModRing(x)
sage: mod_ring(1,algorithm="default") is mod_ring(1,algorithm="algorithm") is mod_ring(1) is mod_ring(1,'default')
True